Main functions
Chlorophyll fluorescence and P700 are measured individually or simultaneously
Induction kinetic curves of two optical systems (including fast and slow phases)
Fast light curve and light response curve for two optical systems
Quenching analysis, dark relaxation analysis
Typical P700 curve measurements
Through synchronous measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence and P700, the electron transfer kinetics of the two optical systems, the size of the electron carrier library, the ring electron transfer kinetics surrounding PSI, etc.
Measure the transmembrane proton dynamic potential pmf and its components transmembrane proton gradient ΔpH and transmembrane potential Δψ by measuring P515/535 signal changes Δψ
The "P515 Flux" signal can reflect in situ the flow rate of coupled electrons and protons in the live sample in a steady state
Estimate the degree of reduction of NADP by measuring NADPH fluorescence
Estimate the transmembrane proton gradient by measuring 9-AA fluorescence ΔpH
Measurement parameters
PS II parameters: Fo, Fm, F, Fm', Fv/Fm, Y(II) i.e. △F/Fm', Fo', qP, qL, qN, NPQ, Y(NPQ), Y(NO) and ETR(II) etc.
PS I parameters: P700, Pm, Pm’, P700ox, Y(I), Y(ND), Y(NA) and ETR(I), etc.
P515/535 parameters: proton dynamic potential pmf, transmembrane proton gradient ΔpH, transmembrane potential Δψ, etc.
NADPH/9-AA parameters: NADP reduction degree, ΔpH, etc.
Other measurement parameters: Post-Illumination (drum), PQ-Pool (PQ library), etc.
Application areas
The functions equivalent to two PAM-101/ 102/ 103 can measure the activity of optical system II (modulating chlorophyll fluorescence) and optical system I (P700 absorption changes). It can be used in fields such as plant physiology, agronomics, forestry, horticulture, etc.Research on photosynthesis mechanism.
The expansion module P515/535 can measure the dynamic potential of transmembrane protons pmf and its components transmembrane proton gradient ΔpH and transmembrane potential Δψ, etc., and is a powerful tool for chlorophyll cycle and photoprotection research.
The extension module NADPH/9-AA can measure NADPH fluorescence and 9-AA fluorescence, and estimate the degree of reduction of NADP and the transmembrane proton gradient ΔpH.
Main technical parameters
Host: General-purpose (DUAL-C), can be connected to standard detectors, and can expand various modules such as P515/535, NADPH/9AA.
P700 Dual wavelength measurement light: LED, 830 nm and 875 nm
PSII fluorescence measurement light: LED, 460 nm (DUAL-DB) or 620 nm (DUAL-DR)
Red actinic light: LED array, 635 nm; maximum continuous light intensity 3000 μmol m-2yes-1
Blue photoelectric light: LED, 460 nm; maximum continuous light intensity 1100 μmol m-2yes-1
Single turnover saturated flash (ST): 200000 μmol m-2yes-1, 5~50 μs adjustable
Multi-turnover saturated flash (MT): 20000 μmol m-2yes-1, 1~1000 ms adjustable
Far Red Light: 720nm
Purchase Guide
1. Basic article on measuring leaves of higher plants
System composition: general-purpose host, standard version detection unit, data cable, workbench, software, etc.
Note: A red light detector (Dual-DR) and blue light detector (Dual-DB) can be selected for any of the following plants.
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| Basic article on leaf measurement of higher plants |
2. Basic hanging sample measurement
System composition: general-purpose host, standard version detection unit, optical unit of suspension, data cable, workbench, software, etc.
Note: When measuring algae, please select the red light detector (Dual-DR) in cyanobacteria, and other algae can choose the blue light detector (Dual-DB)
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| Basic hanging sample measurement model | |
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| Synchronous measurement PSII (red) and PSI (blue) induction curve | Synchronous measurement PSII (red) and PSI (blue) light response curve | Typical P700 measurement curve |
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| chlorophyll fluorescence signal when the saturation pulse is turned on (red) and P700 (blue) Signal changes | Fluorescence rapid kinetic curve measured in linear time | Fluorescence rapid kinetic curve measured in logarithmic time |
3. Other extension modules
Extended measurement 1: P515/535 module
 | The P515/535 module is a measurement module designed by WALZ for the DUAL-PAM-100. It can be directly connected to the host of the DUAL-PAM-100 to measure the difference absorption of 550-510 nm and the signal changes of the wavelength of 535 nm.The P515/535 module can measure the transmembrane proton dynamic potential (pmf), transmembrane potential (Δψ), transmembrane proton gradient (ΔpH) and zeaxanthin (Zea) changes in photosynthetic organs.In addition, the module also provides a special "P515 Flux" operation mode that allows actinic light to turn on and off in light-dark pulse form (1/1 modulated light/dark), in situ measuring live samples in steady stateThe flow rate of coupled electrons and protons. | ||
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| By measuring the P515 changes, the two components of proton dynamic potential (pmf) are derived, Δψ and ΔpH | By measuring the 535 nm change, the proton dynamic potential (pmf) and its component ΔpH are derived. | Synchronously measure the light response curves of P515 and 535 nm signals | |
Extended Measurement Two: NADPH/9-AA Module
The NADPH/9-AA module is a measurement module designed by WALZ for the DUAL-PAM-100. It can directly connect the host of the DUAL-PAM-100 to measure NADPH fluorescence and 9-AA fluorescence.NADPH fluorescence can be used to estimate the degree of reduction of NADP, and 9-AA fluorescence is used to estimate the transmembrane proton gradient ΔpH.A major feature of this module is that it is used in conjunction with standard probes, which has achieved synchronous measurement of chlorophyll fluorescence and NADPH fluorescence for the first time in the world.
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| NADPH probe diagram | Synchronous measurement of NADPH fluorescence (blue) and chlorophyll fluorescence (red) |
Extended measurement 3: Used in conjunction with photosynthesis instrument GFS-3000
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| Designed for synchronous measurements between DUAL-PAM-100 and GFS-3000, it consists of a specially made leaf chamber (with temperature and PAR sensor), fan, light guide rod, electronic box and bracket.During synchronous measurements, the light source is provided entirely by the DUAL-PAM-100's measuring head, the gas exchange is detected by the GFS-3000's infrared analyzer, and the P700 and chlorophyll fluorescence is measured by the DUAL-PAM-100's detector. |
4. Other optional accessories
1. Dual-DPD: A separate photodiode detector unit, connected to the ED‑101US/MD through a light guide rod, is recommended when configuring the NADPH module.
2. Dual-DPM: A separate photomultiplier tube detector unit for dilute suspension fluorescence measurements and needs to be assembled on ED-101US/MD for use.The measuring head DUAL-DB or DUAL-DR must be configured simultaneously to excite modulated fluorescence.
3. ED-101US/T: The temperature control device, installed on ED-101US/MD, is a suspension liquid temperature control; it can be connected to an external circulating water bath to control the temperature,
4. US-SQS/WB: Spherical miniature optical quantum probe, which can be inserted into the sample cup to measure PAR; controlled by the host DUAL-C.
5. PHYTO-MS: Magnetic stirrer, connected to the bottom of the optical unit ED-101US/MD to stir the suspension.
6. DUAL-OP: Adapter for measuring small leaflets such as Arabidopsis, a specially made light-transmitting small hole adapter set, with diameters of 7 mm, 5 mm and 3 mm. It is very important for measuring small leaflets such as Arabidopsis!
Origin: WALZ, Germany
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